Development of Scalable 2D Plane Array for Transcranial Ultrasonic Neuromodulation on Non-Human Primates: An Ex Vivo...

Ultrasonic neuromodulation on large animals, like non-human primates, requires the array transducer to have a good steering ability to arbitrarily stimulate various brain locations. Moreover, due to the different sizes of the animal heads, the array is preferred to be conveniently adjustable to different aperture sizes. To meet these requirements, a scalable 2D plane array, which can consist of up to tens of 256-element square modules, has been designed and fabricated in this study. Arrays with large apertures, consisting of 12 and 48 modules (including 3072 and 12288 elements, respectively), have been assembled and tested. The square modules were driven at a center frequency of 1.04 MHz. The transcranial and steering abilities of the modules were verified in a water tank on an ex vivo macaque skull. A focused beam transmitted by single module could pass through the skull with its peak acoustic pressure reduced to 18.1% of that in the free-field, with an acceptable transverse steering range up to 10 mm. Moreover, a much smaller focal spot was obtained by simultaneous transmission using two vertical-placed modules. Compared to the single module, the focal zone axial size was reduced from 29.7 mm to 3.3 mm, and the "stripes" pattern in the focal zone caused by standing waves was eliminated using a difference-frequency transmitting strategy. Such scalable 2D plane array, which can provide a small-size focal spot and has a large steering range and an acceptable transcranial ability, can be useful in research on ultrasonic neuromodulation on non-human primates.