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Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Robotic-Guided Stereoelectroencephalography for Invasive Epilepsy Monitoring

Robotic-Guided Stereoelectroencephalography for Invasive Epilepsy Monitoring

Published on: June 13, 2025

Stereotactic electroencephalography.

Taha Gholipour¹, Mohamad Z Koubeissi¹, Donald C Shields¹

¹Departments of Neurology (TG and MZK) and Neurosurgery (DCS), The George Washington University Epilepsy Center, Washington D.C., United States.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

|December 23, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) offers a valuable approach for evaluating drug-resistant epilepsy. This review updates recommendations for SEEG, considering recent outcomes, imaging, and signal analysis advancements.

Keywords:

Depth electrodes EEG Electroencephalography Epilepsy Grids Stereotactic Strip electrodes

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Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic SEEG Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic SEEG Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

Published on: June 9, 2023

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Last Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Robotic-Guided Stereoelectroencephalography for Invasive Epilepsy Monitoring

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Published on: June 13, 2025

$Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note$

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Published on: June 13, 2016

Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic SEEG Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic SEEG Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Neurology
Epileptology

Background:

Stereotactic depth electrode implantation is a key method for evaluating drug-resistant epilepsy.
Historically, electrode choice (depth vs. subdural) depended on clinician expertise and data interpretation.
Recent advancements necessitate a re-evaluation of current practices.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a historical overview of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG).
To offer a clinical update on SEEG recommendations.
To incorporate recent outcomes, imaging, and signal analysis data.

Main Methods:

Review of historical data and clinical practices.
Analysis of recent outcomes from SEEG procedures.
Evaluation of technological advances in multimodal imaging and signal analysis.

Main Results:

SEEG is a widely adopted technique for epilepsy surgery evaluation.
Clinical data interpretation and implantation comfort historically influenced electrode choice.
Recent data and technological progress support updated SEEG recommendations.

Conclusions:

SEEG remains a crucial technique for drug-resistant epilepsy evaluation.
Updated recommendations are informed by contemporary outcomes and technological progress.
This review provides a framework for current SEEG utilization.