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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Capillary Exchange01:28

Capillary Exchange

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The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular...
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Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique
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Constant gradient FEXSY: A time-efficient method for measuring exchange.

Yuval Scher1, Shlomi Reuveni1, Yoram Cohen2

  • 1School of Chemistry, The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, The Mark Ratner Institute for Single Molecule Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|December 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method, Constant Gradient Filter-Exchange NMR Spectroscopy (CG-FEXSY), significantly speeds up measurements of transmembranal water exchange rates. This optimized technique accurately determines water exchange and intracellular residence times, validated in biological samples.

Keywords:
CG-FEXSYCG-PFGConstant gradient PFGFEXIFEXSYFilter-exchange PFGIntra-cellular mean residence timePFGPulsed-field gradientTransmembranal water exchange rate

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Transmembranal water exchange is crucial for cellular function.
  • Existing methods like Filter-Exchange NMR Spectroscopy (FEXSY) measure water exchange rates but can be time-consuming.
  • Accurate measurement of water diffusion across membranes is essential for understanding cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel variant of FEXSY called Constant Gradient FEXSY (CG-FEXSY).
  • To demonstrate that CG-FEXSY allows for faster and efficient measurement of apparent transmembranal water exchange rates.
  • To validate the utility of CG-FEXSY for determining intracellular mean residence time (MRT).

Main Methods:

  • Developed CG-FEXSY, a variant of FEXSY using a constant gradient and varying mixing times.
  • Utilized a bi-compartmental model for data analysis, assuming distinct diffusion characteristics for intracellular and extracellular water.
  • Applied pulsed-field gradient (PFG) techniques within the NMR experiment.

Main Results:

  • CG-FEXSY enables determination of water exchange rates using a smaller 1D dataset, reducing scan time.
  • The method successfully measures intracellular mean residence time (MRT) under high diffusion weighting.
  • CG-FEXSY results were validated against standard FEXSY on yeast cells and porcine optic nerve samples, showing agreement.

Conclusions:

  • CG-FEXSY is a more efficient NMR technique for measuring transmembranal water exchange rates.
  • The method provides accurate values for water exchange and MRT, comparable to established techniques.
  • CG-FEXSY offers a faster alternative for biophysical studies involving water transport across membranes.