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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish
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The Synaptic Autophagy Cycle.

Ori J Lieberman1, David Sulzer2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|December 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macroautophagy, a cellular degradation process, is crucial for neuronal health and function. This review highlights its vital role in synaptic plasticity, behavior, and overall neuronal survival.

Keywords:
autophagyendocytosisprotein degradationsynaptic plasticitysynaptic transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a conserved cellular degradation pathway.
  • Autophagy in neurons was initially linked to disease and survival.
  • Recent evidence implicates autophagy in synaptic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of autophagy in neuronal function.
  • To highlight autophagy's involvement in synaptic plasticity and behavior.
  • To identify open questions in synaptic autophagy research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on synaptic autophagy.
  • Analysis of research on autophagy in neuronal axons and dendrites.
  • Synthesis of findings on autophagy's impact on pre- and postsynapse.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy plays a significant role in synaptic function.
  • Evidence supports autophagy's control over both axonal and dendritic processes.
  • Autophagy influences synaptic plasticity and behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is essential for maintaining healthy neuronal synapses.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand synaptic autophagy.
  • Investigating synaptic autophagy may reveal new therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.