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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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From thought to action: The brain-machine interface in posterior parietal cortex.

Richard A Andersen1,2, Tyson Aflalo1,2, Spencer Kellis1,2,3

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Neural prosthetics, or brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), use implanted electrodes to decode intended movements in paralyzed patients. Research in monkeys and humans shows the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a promising site for these neuroprosthetic applications.

Keywords:
brain–machine interfaceintentionmonkeyposterior parietal cortextetraplegia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Translational research in monkeys has led to neural prosthetics for paralyzed individuals.
  • Neuroprosthetic systems, also known as brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), integrate implanted electrodes, decoding algorithms, and assistive devices.
  • This review focuses on BMIs utilizing microelectrode arrays in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of neural prosthetics (BMIs) for assisting paralyzed patients.
  • To highlight the role of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in decoding movement intentions.
  • To discuss the progress and future needs for clinical availability of BMIs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of basic science research in monkeys establishing PPC as a source of intention signals.
  • Description of first PPC implants in human patients with tetraplegia.
  • Analysis of decoding capabilities and learning processes in BMIs.

Main Results:

  • The PPC has been established as a suitable brain region for recording movement intentions in monkeys.
  • Initial PPC implants in human patients with tetraplegia allowed for rapid decoding of movement goals.
  • The PPC contains rich action variables, indicating its potential for diverse neuroprosthetic applications.

Conclusions:

  • The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a promising BMI site for a wide range of neuroprosthetic applications.
  • Further research in both monkeys and humans is crucial for advancing BMI technology.
  • Continued research is necessary to make BMIs readily available in clinical settings for paralyzed patients.