Vertebroplasty-associated cement leak leading to iatrogenic venous compression and thrombosis

A 91-year-old woman presented with left lower extremity swelling and pain diagnosed as phlegmasia cerulea dolens. Doppler ultrasound and venography revealed extensive left lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Review of prior images revealed cement leakage causing compression of the left common iliac vein. She underwent successful mechanical thrombectomy using the ClotTriever device (Inari Medical, Irvine, Calif) and subsequent stent placement. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens resolved on the following day, and the stent remained patent at the 1-month follow-up appointment. Cement leakage from L5 vertebroplasty can cause extrinsic compression on the left common iliac vein, resulting in iatrogenic venous compression syndrome and the development of deep venous thrombosis in the affected lower extremity.