Patient-Specific Bone Multiscale Modelling, Fracture Simulation and Risk Analysis-A Survey

This paper provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners from biology, medicine, physics and engineering who can benefit from an up-to-date literature survey on patient-specific bone fracture modelling, simulation and risk analysis. This survey hints at a framework for devising realistic patient-specific bone fracture simulations. This paper has 18 sections: ^{Section 1} presents the main interested parties; ^{Section 2} explains the organzation of the text; ^{Section 3} motivates further work on patient-specific bone fracture simulation; ^{Section 4} motivates this survey; ^{Section 5} concerns the collection of bibliographical references; ^{Section 6} motivates the physico-mathematical approach to bone fracture; ^{Section 7} presents the modelling of bone as a continuum; ^{Section 8} categorizes the surveyed literature into a continuum mechanics framework; ^{Section 9} concerns the computational modelling of bone geometry; ^{Section 10} concerns the estimation of bone mechanical properties; ^{Section 11} concerns the selection of boundary conditions representative of bone trauma; ^{Section 12} concerns bone fracture simulation; ^{Section 13} presents the multiscale structure of bone; ^{Section 14} concerns the multiscale mathematical modelling of bone; ^{Section 15} concerns the experimental validation of bone fracture simulations; ^{Section 16} concerns bone fracture risk assessment. Lastly, glossaries for symbols, acronyms, and physico-mathematical terms are provided.