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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe
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Particulate emissions from L-Category vehicles towards Euro 5.

A Kontses1, L Ntziachristos1, A A Zardini2

  • 1Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 458, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Environmental Research
|December 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-stroke mopeds and diesel minicars emit the most particulate matter and solid particles among L-category vehicles. Advanced emission controls are needed for these vehicles to meet Euro 5 standards.

Keywords:
Euro 5L-categoryMinicarsMopedsMotorcyclesParticle numberParticulate emissionsQuads

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Automotive Engineering
  • Air Quality Research

Background:

  • L-category vehicles (mopeds, motorcycles, quads, minicars) are significant sources of vehicular emissions.
  • Previous research has focused on larger vehicle categories, with less attention paid to L-category emissions.
  • Euro emission standards aim to reduce harmful pollutants from vehicles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify L-category vehicle sub-classes with high particulate emissions.
  • To assess the effectiveness of Euro 5 legislation on particulate emissions.
  • To investigate the necessity of additional emission control measures for L-category vehicles.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study involving 30 Euro 1-4 L-category vehicles (2-, 3-, 4-wheelers).
  • Vehicles registered in Europe between 2009 and 2016.
  • Emissions testing conducted on a chassis dynamometer.

Main Results:

  • Two-stroke mopeds and diesel minicars exhibited the highest particulate mass (PM) and solid particle number (SPN23) emissions.
  • PM emissions from 4-stroke mopeds, motorcycles, and quads were significantly lower than 2-stroke mopeds.
  • SPN23 emissions from several L-category sub-classes exceeded Euro 6 passenger car limits, even for Euro 4 motorcycles.
  • Including smaller particle sizes (10-23 nm) and volatile/semi-volatile particles significantly increased emission levels.
  • Cold engine operation was a major contributor to SPN23 emissions, particularly in lower-emitting vehicles.

Conclusions:

  • L-category vehicles are substantial contributors to overall vehicular particulate emissions and require ongoing monitoring.
  • Current Euro 5 measures may be insufficient for controlling particulate emissions from certain L-category vehicles, especially 2-stroke mopeds.
  • The cost-effectiveness of diesel particulate filters for diesel minicars to meet Euro 5 is uncertain.
  • A specific particle number limit for L-category vehicles may be necessary to align their emissions with those of passenger cars.