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Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
Published on: May 26, 2023
The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease
Marco Busnelli1, Stefano Manzini1, Giulia Chiesa1
1Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Abstract:
It is widely recognized that the microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract-the gut microbiota-deeply affect the pathophysiology of the host. Gut microbiota composition is mostly modulated by diet, and gut microorganisms communicate with the different organs and tissues of the human host by synthesizing hormones and regulating their release. Herein, we will provide an updated review on the most important classes of gut microbiota-derived hormones and their sensing by host receptors, critically discussing their impact on host physiology. Additionally, the debated interplay between microbial hormones and the development of cardiovascular disease will be thoroughly analysed and discussed.
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