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Related Concept Videos

Radicals01:27

Radicals

342
Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
342
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.6K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.6K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.6K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.6K
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

2.1K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect...
2.1K
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

4.1K
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
4.1K
The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

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The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

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Revolutionary Times.

Hermenegildo Garcia1

  • 1Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Climate change mitigation requires rapid renewable energy deployment and novel energy storage solutions. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis and solar fuel photocatalysis offer promising pathways for a sustainable energy future.

Keywords:
hydrogen technologyphotocatalysisrenewable energy

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Area of Science:

  • Energy Science
  • Climate Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Societal and scientific shifts are driven by climate change mitigation efforts and carbon dioxide emission reduction targets.
  • The urgent need for large-scale renewable electricity schemes necessitates advanced energy storage technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a perspective on current revolutionary advancements in energy science and technology.
  • To discuss the role of hydrogen production and solar fuels in addressing climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current research on renewable energy storage.
  • Discussion of hydrogen production via water electrolysis.
  • Exploration of photocatalysis for solar fuel generation.

Main Results:

  • Hydrogen production from water using renewable electricity is a viable energy storage solution.
  • This approach enables new avenues for ammonia and methanol synthesis.
  • Photocatalysis presents a promising future for direct solar fuel production.

Conclusions:

  • The development of efficient energy storage technologies is critical for renewable electricity integration.
  • Photocatalytic reactions for solar fuel production are nearing pilot-scale testing.
  • These technologies are key to achieving climate change mitigation goals.