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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

The Effect of Charging and Discharging Lithium Iron Phosphate-graphite Cells at Different Temperatures on Degradation
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Electrode Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Joshua P Pender, Gaurav Jha1, Duck Hyun Youn2

  • 1Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States.

ACS Nano
|January 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are exploring advanced electrode materials beyond intercalation for higher capacity lithium-ion batteries. This review examines degradation mechanisms hindering the adoption of these next-generation battery technologies.

Keywords:
alloy electrodeconversion electrodeelectrode degradationelectrodesenergy storageintercalation electrodelithium-ion batterynanostructuresolid electrolyte interphase

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for electric vehicles and smart grids.
  • Current Li-ion batteries use intercalation electrodes with limited capacity.
  • Higher energy density, cycle life, safety, and lower cost are desired.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review electrode material developments for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
  • To focus on materials beyond conventional intercalation chemistry.
  • To identify structural and electrochemical degradation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of advanced electrode materials.
  • Analysis of characterization tools for battery research.
  • Investigation of degradation pathways in high-capacity systems.

Main Results:

  • Gravimetric capacities 2-5 times higher are achievable with non-intercalation materials.
  • Several factors complicate the commercial transition to these advanced materials.
  • Degradation mechanisms are key challenges for next-generation batteries.

Conclusions:

  • Moving beyond intercalation chemistry offers significant capacity improvements.
  • Understanding and mitigating degradation is vital for commercializing high-capacity Li-ion batteries.
  • Continued research in materials and characterization is essential for advancing battery technology.