Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

48.5K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
48.5K
Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

17.3K
Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
17.3K
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

6.1K
Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
6.1K
Meristems and Plant Growth02:36

Meristems and Plant Growth

48.8K
Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
48.8K
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

41.4K
The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
41.4K
Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

28.2K
Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
28.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Heat-Stress Memory Modulates Antioxidant Metabolism and Increases Senecionine Biosynthesis Across Developmental Stages of <i>Senecio madagascariensis</i>.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Analysis on Biofertilization-Induced Memory Acquisition for Heat Stress Mitigation in Soybean Plants.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Discriminating eclipse cues from weather.

Trends in plant science·2026
Same author

Seeing Through an Ant's Eyes: Do Entomopathogenic Fungi Extend Their Cognition to Their Hosts?

Topics in cognitive science·2025
Same author

An experimental approach to study foraging memory in ectomycorrhizal mycelium.

Communicative & integrative biology·2025
Same author

Plasticity on the spectrum: photosynthetic induction of tropical forest tree species in contrasting light conditions.

Tree physiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

3-D Time-Lapse Imaging of Cell Wall Dynamics Using Calcofluor in the Moss Physcomitrium patens
05:14

3-D Time-Lapse Imaging of Cell Wall Dynamics Using Calcofluor in the Moss Physcomitrium patens

Published on: February 10, 2023

1.9K

Extended cognition in plants: is it possible?

André Geremia Parise1, Monica Gagliano2,3, Gustavo Maia Souza1

  • 1Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology (LACEV), Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.

Plant Signaling & Behavior
|January 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Plants may exhibit complex behaviors like learning and decision-making without a brain. This study proposes that plants extend their cognitive abilities into their environment, particularly through root systems and fungi.

Keywords:
Extended cognitionforagingmycorrhizaeplant behaviorplant intelligencerhizosphere

More Related Videos

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination
12:01

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

Published on: December 31, 2012

14.2K
Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in Arabidopsis
06:50

Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in Arabidopsis

Published on: June 4, 2021

5.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 31, 2025

3-D Time-Lapse Imaging of Cell Wall Dynamics Using Calcofluor in the Moss Physcomitrium patens
05:14

3-D Time-Lapse Imaging of Cell Wall Dynamics Using Calcofluor in the Moss Physcomitrium patens

Published on: February 10, 2023

1.9K
Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination
12:01

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

Published on: December 31, 2012

14.2K
Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in Arabidopsis
06:50

Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in Arabidopsis

Published on: June 4, 2021

5.5K

Area of Science:

  • Plant science
  • Cognitive science
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Plants exhibit complex behaviors (information acquisition, learning, decision-making) despite lacking brains or neurons.
  • The concept of plant cognition and intelligence is gaining acceptance, but mechanisms remain unclear.
  • The Extended Cognition hypothesis suggests cognition can extend beyond the body into the environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how plants might achieve complex behaviors without a central nervous system.
  • To propose that plants utilize extended cognition, similar to humans and spiders.
  • To investigate the role of the root influence zone and mycorrhizal fungi in plant extended cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual review and hypothesis formulation.
  • Application of the Extended Cognition hypothesis to plant biology.
  • Analysis of plant-environment interactions, focusing on root systems and fungal networks.

Main Results:

  • Plants may extend their cognitive abilities into their environment.
  • The root influence zone and mycorrhizal fungi are proposed as key mediators of this extended cognition.
  • This framework offers a novel explanation for complex plant behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Plant cognition may operate beyond the physical body through environmental interactions.
  • Extended cognition in plants, involving roots and fungi, could explain their complex adaptive behaviors.
  • Exploring inter-kingdom cognitive processes offers insights into cognition's origin and evolution.