Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus
Published on: November 20, 2016
The Emergence and Early Fate of the Three Rs Concept
Michael Balls1, John Parascandola2
1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Abstract:
In the 60th year since the publication of The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique by W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch, we visited the W.M.S. and Claire Russell Archive at the University of Nottingham to discover, or confirm, answers to certain questions: the origins of the UFAW project which led to its writing; the relationship between Russell and Burch; the project plan; the origin of the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept; the drafting, publication and response to the appearance of the book; and the future careers of its authors. We report on our findings, though many other questions have yet to be answered.
Related Concept Videos
Exon Recombination
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
Three Developmental Domains
Physical Development
Physical processes, also known as maturation, encompass the biological changes that occur across an individual's life. These changes begin with genetic inheritance and continue through various stages, including growth in height and weight,...
RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends
Determination
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Concepts and Prototypes
The brain organizes this information using concepts, which are mental categories grouping linguistic data,...

