Surface-Conformal Triboelectric Nanopores via Supramolecular Ternary Polymer Assembly

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is of tremendous interest owing to its high energy efficiency with a simple device architecture and applicability to various materials. Most previous topological surface modifications introduced for further improving the performance of a TENG are detrimental because they require expensive and/or harsh (e.g., high temperature and acidity) postetching processes, which limit the material choice and design of its components. Herein, we demonstrate an one-step route for developing rapid wet-processable surface-conformal triboelectric nanoporous films (STENFs). Our method is based on a simple supramolecular assembly of a ternary polymer blend suitable for various conventional solution processes such as spin-, bar-, spray-, and dip-coating. The one-step wet process of a ternary solution produces thin large-area films in which self-assembled, ordered nanopores of approximately 33 nm in diameter are developed even without an additional etching process. The study reveals that the small amount of amine-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) added to the binary blend of sulfonic-acid-terminated poly(styrene) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) efficiently activates the formation of spontaneous nanopores as a pore-generating agent. Our STENF significantly enhances the open-circuit voltage up to 1.5 times higher than that of a planar one, leading to an improved power density of approximately 77 μW/cm². The suitability for diverse conventional coating processes offers a convenient approach for fabricating high-performance STENFs not only on flat substrates such as metals, polymers, and oxides but also on topological ones including wrinkled, roughened surfaces, textile fibers, natural leaves, and fabrics over a large area.