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Assessment of Waste-Derived Biochars on the Health and Biological Activity of Soil
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Developing the OECD 106 fate testing protocol for active pharmaceuticals in soil.

Katherine E Lees1, Mark F Fitzsimons1, Jason Snape2

  • 1Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.

Environmental Technology
|January 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Accurate assessment of pharmaceutical fate in soil is crucial for safe wastewater reuse. This study refined OECD 106 methods, highlighting critical parameters for reliable environmental risk assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Keywords:
OECD106Soilliquid chromatography-mass spectrometrymethod developmentpharmaceuticals

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Soil Science
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Accurate determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in soil is vital for risk assessment, especially in regions with scarce water and fertilizer resources.
  • Wastewater reuse and biosolid recycling necessitate understanding API fate to mitigate environmental and health risks.
  • The OECD 106 guideline provides a framework for soil partitioning and degradation studies, but requires methodological refinement for diverse APIs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a robust methodology for assessing the soil partitioning and degradation of various APIs.
  • To identify and address key methodological challenges in applying the OECD 106 study for environmental risk assessment.
  • To ensure accurate and consistent results for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in soil studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the OECD 106 soil partitioning and/or degradation study protocol.
  • Tested four diverse APIs: naproxen, ofloxacin, propranolol, and nevirapine.
  • Employed direct injection liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for API quantification in soil solutions, with standard additions to account for matrix effects.

Main Results:

  • Glass fibre membranes (0.7 µm pore size) were the only suitable filtration medium, avoiding API adsorption.
  • Polypropylene centrifuge tubes demonstrated suitability with careful recovery determination.
  • Direct injection LC-MS reliably quantified APIs down to µg L⁻¹ levels, though matrix effects required standard additions.
  • Ofloxacin presented the greatest analytical challenge due to its high molecular weight and sorption affinity.
  • Solution pH and dissolved organic carbon varied significantly over time, necessitating their consideration in partitioning studies.

Conclusions:

  • Refined OECD 106 methodology ensures accurate and consistent soil partitioning and degradation data for APIs.
  • Careful selection of materials (e.g., glass fibre membranes) and analytical techniques (LC-MS) are critical for reliable API fate assessment.
  • Understanding and accounting for dynamic environmental variables like pH and DOC is essential for robust risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in soil.