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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Translocator protein mediates olfactory repulsion.

Zongyuan Ma1, Xiaojiao Guo1, Jipeng Liu1

  • 1Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|January 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Translocator protein (TSPO) regulates olfactory repulsion in locusts by connecting G-protein-coupled receptors and mitochondria. This study reveals TSPO

Keywords:
GPCRattractionmigratory locustsolfactiontyramine receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Translocator protein (TSPO) is linked to psychiatric disorders and neuroimaging but its behavioral mechanisms are unclear.
  • TSPO, previously known as a peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, has conserved traits and high brain expression in migratory locusts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function and mechanism of TSPO in modulating locust behavior, specifically olfactory repulsion.
  • To explore the relationship between TSPO expression and behavioral phenotypes (solitary vs. gregarious).

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative analysis of tspo mRNA and protein expression in locust brains.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) to knockdown tspo and tyramine receptor (TyR) in locust brains.
  • RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify gene expression changes after TyR knockdown.
  • Behavioral assays to assess olfactory responses (repulsion and attraction).

Main Results:

  • TSPO expression was higher in solitary locusts compared to gregarious locusts.
  • Knockdown of tspo in solitary locusts reduced olfactory repulsion and induced attraction.
  • TSPO acts as a crucial effector in tyramine (TA)-TyR signaling, modulating olfactory repulsion.
  • TSPO connects G-protein-coupled receptors and mitochondria membrane proteins in this signaling pathway.

Conclusions:

  • TSPO plays a critical role in TA-TyR signaling, mediating olfactory repulsion in locusts.
  • This study uncovers a novel mechanism involving TSPO in linking receptor signaling to mitochondrial function for behavioral modulation.