Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

1.3K
Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...
1.3K
Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions02:15

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions

28.3K
Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions
For gas-phase reactions, the equilibrium constant may be expressed in terms of either the molar concentrations (Kc) or partial pressures (Kp) of the reactants and products. A relation between these two K values may be simply derived from the ideal gas equation and the definition of molarity. According to the ideal gas equation:
28.3K
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

37.3K
The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
37.3K
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

52.4K
Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
A more...
52.4K
The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

55.3K
Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
55.3K
Chemical Equilibria: Redefining Equilibrium Constant01:20

Chemical Equilibria: Redefining Equilibrium Constant

1.0K
The effect of an inert salt on the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt is known as the salt effect. The degree of the salt effect varies with the ionic strength of the solution, which in turn depends on the activity of the species in the solution. The activity is expressed as the product of concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
To calculate the equilibrium constants of solutions of moderately high ionic strength, one must account for the salt effect. This redefined...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Phase Relations in the SrO-IrO<sub>2</sub>-Ir System in Air.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2021
Same author

Investigation of Calcium Aluminate Cement Phases Under High Gaseous Pressure.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards (1977)·2021
Same author

Effect of Oxide Additions on the Polymorphism of Tantalum Pentoxide: II. "Stabilization" of the High Temperature Structure Type.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020
Same author

Effect of Oxide Additions on the Polymorphism of Tantalum Pentoxide: III. "Stabilization" of the Low Temperature Structure Type.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020
Same author

Phase Equilibria in Systems Involving the Rare-Earth Oxides. Part I. Polymorphism of the Oxides of the Trivalent Rare-Earth Ions.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020
Same author

Phase Equilibrium Relations in the Binary System Barium Oxide-Niobium Pentoxide.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems
05:46

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

Published on: January 24, 2014

13.8K

Phase Equilibrium Relationships in the System Gd2O3-TiO2.

J L Waring, S J Schneider

    Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry
    |January 14, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the phase equilibrium of the Gadolinium Oxide-Titanium Dioxide (Gd2O3-TiO2) system, identifying three intermediate phases and their stability ranges. Findings are crucial for understanding ceramic material properties.

    More Related Videos

    Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition
    09:45

    Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

    Published on: July 26, 2016

    12.7K
    Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
    11:50

    Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

    Published on: June 13, 2015

    12.8K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Dec 31, 2025

    High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems
    05:46

    High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

    Published on: January 24, 2014

    13.8K
    Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition
    09:45

    Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

    Published on: July 26, 2016

    12.7K
    Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
    11:50

    Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

    Published on: June 13, 2015

    12.8K

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid State Chemistry
    • Ceramics

    Background:

    • Understanding phase equilibrium in oxide systems is critical for developing advanced ceramic materials.
    • The Gd2O3-TiO2 system is relevant for applications requiring high-temperature stability and specific dielectric properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the phase equilibrium relationships within a significant portion of the Gd2O3-TiO2 system in air.
    • To characterize the intermediate phases formed and their structural properties.
    • To map the melting and phase transition behaviors of these compounds.

    Main Methods:

    • Solid-state reaction studies.
    • Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and fusion characteristics.
    • X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) for phase identification and structural analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Three intermediate phases were identified: a 1:2 compound (Gd2O3·2TiO2), a 1:1 compound (Gd2O3·TiO2), and a face-centered cubic solid solution.
    • The Gd2O3·2TiO2 phase exhibits a cubic pyrochlore structure, melts congruently at 1820 °C, and shows limited TiO2 solubility.
    • The Gd2O3·TiO2 phase melts incongruently at 1775 °C and undergoes a reversible phase transition at 1712 °C, with its high-temperature polymorph indexed hexagonally.
    • A solid solution phase exists between 33-40 mole% TiO2, melting incongruently between 1775-1840 °C.

    Conclusions:

    • The phase diagram of the Gd2O3-TiO2 system is characterized by distinct intermediate phases and a solid solution region.
    • The identified phases and their thermal behaviors provide fundamental data for the design and application of Gd-Ti oxide ceramics.
    • Structural similarities were noted between Gd2O3·TiO2 polymorphs and related rare earth titanate systems (Sm, Eu, Dy).