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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Vertebrate palaeophysiology.

Jorge Cubo1, Adam K Huttenlocker2

  • 1Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P, UMR 7207), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|January 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Vertebrate palaeophysiology combines experimental physiology with palaeontology to reconstruct the functional traits and evolutionary history of extinct vertebrates using modern organisms. This approach investigates innovations in metabolism, homeostasis, and growth across vertebrate clades.

Keywords:
acid–base homeostasisgrowthpalaeopathophysiologyphospho-calcic metabolismrespiratory physiologythermometabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Integrates functional biology and historical science to study extinct vertebrates.
  • Focuses on comparative analysis within a phylogenetic framework.

Background:

  • Physiology uses experiments to find general rules, while palaeontology studies unique past events.
  • Vertebrate palaeophysiology bridges these by inferring extinct physiology from extant data.

Discussion:

  • Examines functional innovations in modern vertebrate clades.
  • Discusses methods for inferring past physiological capacities ('retrodiction').
  • Covers diverse topics including metabolism, homeostasis, respiration, and growth.

Key Insights:

  • Employs comparative methods and rigorous statistics accounting for evolutionary processes.
  • Integrates physiological mechanisms with palaeobiological inferences.
  • Highlights the growing field of vertebrate palaeophysiology.

Outlook:

  • Aims to understand functional innovations and their evolutionary trajectories.
  • Provides a historical perspective on vertebrate physiological evolution.
  • Encourages interdisciplinary approaches in palaeontology and physiology.