Biochemical interactions between LPS and LPS-binding molecules

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, often pose a serious risk not only when delivered in the bloodstream but also in air, the environment and several industrial fields such as pharmaceutics or food. LPS is constituted of three regions; the O-specific chain, the core region and the lipid A, which is the responsible segment of the toxicity. Previous literature dealt with the study of lipid A, its potential ligands as well as the mechanisms of Lipid A interactions that, among other applications, establish the basis for detection methods such as Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assays and emerging biosensoring techniques. However, quantifying LPS binding affinity is an urgent need that still requires thorough studies. In this context, this work reviews the molecules that bind LPS, highlighting quantitative affinity parameters. Moreover, state of the art methods to analyze the affinity and kinetics of lipid-ligand interactions are also reviewed and different techniques have been briefly described. Thus, first, we review existing information on LPS ligands, classifying them into three main groups and targeting the comparison of molecules in terms of their interaction affinities and, second, we establish the basis for further research aimed at the development of effective methods for LPS detection and removal.