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Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys

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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Errors in Global Positioning System01:26

Errors in Global Positioning System

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Field Application of Global Positioning System01:28

Field Application of Global Positioning System

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device01:30

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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Introduction to Global Positioning System01:30

Introduction to Global Positioning System

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense  for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...
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Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

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A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
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A Cycle Slip Detection Framework for Reliable Single Frequency RTK Positioning.

Salma Zainab Farooq1,2, Dongkai Yang1, Echoda Ngbede Joshua Ada1

  • 1School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new framework for detecting carrier-phase cycle slips (CS) in single-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning. The method enhances positioning reliability for mass-market Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications.

Keywords:
RTKcycle slip detectionleast squares adjustmentminimal detectable biasreliability

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Area of Science:

  • Geomatics Engineering
  • Satellite Navigation Systems
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Single-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning is crucial for mass-market Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications.
  • Carrier-phase cycle slips (CS) are a primary source of measurement errors in RTK, compromising positioning reliability.
  • Existing CS detection methods require enhancement to ensure robust RTK performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel framework for detecting carrier-phase cycle slips (CS) to improve the reliability of single-frequency RTK positioning.
  • To integrate CS detection and identification within a least squares (LS) adjustment process for seamless error management.
  • To provide a generic procedure applicable to various GNSS receivers and scenarios involving CS detection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes double differenced measurements from single-frequency GNSS receivers.
  • Employs a least squares (LS) adjustment process incorporating a detection, identification, and adaptation (DIA) approach for CS.
  • Analyzes internal and external reliability using Minimal Detectable Bias (MDB) and marginally detectable errors on kinematic data.

Main Results:

  • The proposed framework successfully detects and manages carrier-phase cycle slips (CS) in single-frequency RTK positioning.
  • Theoretical and actual Minimal Detectable Bias (MDB) values were determined, with actual MDB found to be four cycles.
  • The study demonstrates the linkage between CS detection and identification stages for enhanced positioning reliability.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CS detection framework significantly improves the reliability of single-frequency RTK positioning.
  • The proposed procedure is adaptable and can be applied in any situation where CS are detected during LS adjustment.
  • This research contributes to the advancement of robust GNSS mass-market applications through reliable positioning.