Design patterns for wildlife-related camera trap image analysis

This paper describes and explains design patterns for software that supports how analysts can efficiently inspect and classify camera trap images for wildlife-related ecological attributes. Broadly speaking, a design pattern identifies a commonly occurring problem and a general reusable design approach to solve that problem. A developer can then use that design approach to create a specific software solution appropriate to the particular situation under consideration. In particular, design patterns for camera trap image analysis by wildlife biologists address solutions to commonly occurring problems they face while inspecting a large number of images and entering ecological data describing image attributes. We developed design patterns for image classification based on our understanding of biologists' needs that we acquired over 8 years during development and application of the freely available Timelapse image analysis system. For each design pattern presented, we describe the problem, a design approach that solves that problem, and a concrete example of how Timelapse addresses the design pattern. Our design patterns offer both general and specific solutions related to: maintaining data consistency, efficiencies in image inspection, methods for navigating between images, efficiencies in data entry including highly repetitious data entry, and sorting and filtering image into sequences, episodes, and subsets. These design patterns can inform the design of other camera trap systems and can help biologists assess how competing software products address their project-specific needs along with determining an efficient workflow.