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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

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Age Differences in the Subcomponents of Executive Functioning.

Ted Maldonado1, Joseph M Orr1,2, James R M Goen1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
|January 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults show executive functioning (EF) differences, but not uniformly across all subdomains. Updating skills were less affected by age compared to inhibition and set shifting, informing early detection of EF decline.

Keywords:
AgingExecutive functionMeta-analysisUnity-Diversity Model

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Executive functioning (EF) is crucial for behavioral control and goal achievement throughout life.
  • EF is often conceptualized as a broad construct but comprises distinct subdomains: inhibition, set shifting, and updating.
  • Older adults (OA) typically exhibit performance deficits across EF subdomains compared to younger adults (YA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in specific EF subdomains.
  • To determine if age affects inhibition, set shifting, and updating differentially.
  • To explore how subdomain-specific age differences relate to global EF decline in aging.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, synthesizing 1,268 effect sizes from 401 articles.
  • Analyses were performed at the task, subdomain, and global executive functioning levels.
  • The study hypothesized overall EF differences between younger and older adults.

Main Results:

  • Significant overall differences in executive functioning were observed between younger and older adults.
  • Age-related performance deficits in EF were not uniform across all tasks and subdomains.
  • The updating subdomain of EF was less affected by age compared to inhibition and set shifting.

Conclusions:

  • Age impacts executive functioning, but the effects vary across its subdomains.
  • Understanding differential age effects on EF subdomains can refine models of cognitive aging.
  • These findings may aid in the early detection of executive functioning decline in older populations.