Tailoring C₆₀ for Efficient Inorganic CsPbI₂ Br Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Although inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising in thermal stability, their large open-circuit voltage (V_OC ) deficit and difficulty in large-area preparation still limit their development toward commercialization. The present work tailors C₆₀ via a codoping strategy to construct an efficient electron-transporting layer (ETL), leading to a significant improvement in V_OC of the inverted inorganic CsPbI₂ Br PSC. Specifically, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB) is introduced as a dopant to lower the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of the C₆₀ layer by forming a Lewis acidic adduct. The enlarged free energy difference provides a favorable enhancement in electron injection and thereby reduces charge recombination. Subsequently, a nonhygroscopic lithium salt (LiClO₄ ) is added to increase electron mobility and conductivity of the film, leading to a reduction in the device hysteresis and facilitating the fabrication of a large-area device. Finally, the as-optimized inorganic CsPbI₂ Br PSCs gain a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.19%, with a stabilized power output (SPO) of 14.21% (0.09 cm² ). More importantly, this work also demonstrates a record PCE of 14.44% for large-area inorganic CsPbI₂ Br PSCs (1.0 cm² ) and reports the first inorganic perovskite solar module with the excellent efficiency exceeding 12% (10.92 cm² ) by a self-developed quasi-curved heating method.