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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

Fluoride occurrence in the lower East African Rift System, Southern Malawi.

Marc J Addison¹, Michael O Rivett¹, Helen Robinson¹

¹Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XJ.

The Science of the Total Environment

|January 17, 2020

Summary

Malawi

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Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

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Published on: August 22, 2017

Area of Science:

Geochemistry
Hydrogeology
Environmental Science

Background:

The East African Rift System (EARS) presents a significant groundwater fluoride risk, particularly in developing nations like Malawi.
Fluoride occurrence in Malawian groundwater remains poorly characterized, necessitating detailed investigation for effective risk management.

Purpose of the Study:

To document groundwater fluoride occurrence in Malawi.
To understand and manage fluoride risks in Malawian drinking water.
To inform policy revision and management strategies for fluoride in groundwater.

Main Methods:

Collation of historical fluoride data from literature and government archives.
Augmentation with new groundwater quality surveys in Southern Malawi (2016-2018).
Analysis of 1365 groundwater samples (borehole, spring, hot spring) for fluoride concentration, temperature, and hydrochemical parameters.

Main Results:

83% of samples had fluoride below the WHO guideline of 1.5 mg/l.
14% of samples showed fluoride concentrations between 1.5-6 mg/l.
3% of samples exceeded the 6 mg/l guideline, with higher fluoride linked to increased groundwater temperature (>32°C) and proximity to geological faults.

Conclusions:

While fluoride occurrence in Malawi is lower than in other EARS regions, a significant portion of groundwater exceeds safe drinking water standards.
Geothermal influence and structural geology are key factors controlling high fluoride groundwater.
Recommendations include further documentation and enhanced management strategies for fluoride in Malawian drinking water, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 6.