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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Quality controls induced by aberrant translation.

Toshifumi Inada1

  • 1Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.

Nucleic Acids Research
|January 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cells possess quality control pathways to manage defective messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during protein synthesis. These systems degrade faulty mRNAs and incomplete proteins, ensuring cellular health.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Translating ribosomes face challenges from defective mRNAs during protein synthesis.
  • Aberrant translation can reduce cellular fitness and threaten cell viability.
  • Quality control pathways are activated to manage these issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of ribosome stalling recognition by cellular quality control pathways.
  • To discuss the conservation of these mRNA quality control systems across species.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of conserved regulatory factors and pathways.

Main Results:

  • Quality control pathways identify aberrant ribosome stalling through various mechanisms.

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  • Specialized regulatory factors play crucial roles alongside conventional factors.
  • These systems promote degradation of defective mRNAs and nascent polypeptides.

    • Conclusions:

    • Cellular quality control pathways are essential for maintaining protein synthesis fidelity.
    • Understanding these conserved mechanisms provides insights into cellular fitness and disease.