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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Updated: Dec 30, 2025

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation
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Islet Function Changes Among the Elderly Population.

Jing Sui1, Bingyin Shi2, Yinghui Hu3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.

Archives of Medical Research
|January 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Islet function declines with age in western China

Keywords:
AgingCross-sectional studiesDiabetes mellitusIslet functionWestern China

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • China's aging population faces increasing type 2 diabetes prevalence.
  • Limited epidemiological data exists on aging-related islet function changes in elderly Chinese.
  • This study addresses the gap in understanding islet function in aging western Chinese adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate islet function and glycemic status in western China's elderly population.
  • To analyze age-related changes in beta-cell function and insulin resistance.
  • To compare glycemic control between urban and rural elderly residents.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional survey of 3001 western Chinese elderly adults using multistage probability sampling.
  • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) administered to all participants.
  • Calculated islet function indices (HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS, ΔI30/ΔG30, Ip/I0).

Main Results:

  • Islet function markers (HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, ΔI30/ΔG30) and glycemic markers (FPG, P2hPG, HbA1C) showed significant age-related trends.
  • Urban residents exhibited higher HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, ΔI30/ΔG30, and lower HOMA-IS compared to rural/suburb residents.
  • Fasting insulin and 2h insulin levels decreased with age, while FPG, P2hPG, and HbA1C increased.

Conclusions:

  • Islet function progressively declines with age in western Chinese elderly, irrespective of gender.
  • Glycemic control worsens with advancing age in this population.
  • The findings highlight the need for targeted diabetes prevention strategies for the elderly.