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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Coagulation01:06

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

4.9K
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

1.3K
Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
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Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Multiphase Complex Coacervate Droplets.

Tiemei Lu1, Evan Spruijt1

  • 1Institute for Molecules and Materials , Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135 , 6525 AJ , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 22, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multicomponent liquid-liquid phase separation forms hierarchically organized droplets. Differences in macromolecular density and critical salt concentration predict droplet formation and layering in biological systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cellular organization relies on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).
  • Subcellular bodies exhibit hierarchical organization with multiple coexisting domains.
  • Molecular mechanisms governing multicomponent droplet assembly and coexistence remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the formation and organization of hierarchically structured multiphase droplets.
  • Develop theoretical guidelines for predicting hierarchical arrangement and phase separation.
  • Explore the potential of condensate immiscibility for designing synthetic compartments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized complex coacervates as model systems for charge-driven LLPS.
  • Analyzed interfacial tensions and critical salt concentrations.
  • Investigated macromolecular density differences in coacervate mixtures.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated hierarchical organization in multiphase droplets with up to three coexisting layers.
  • Established theoretical guidelines correlating interfacial tensions and critical salt concentration with droplet structure.
  • Showed that differences in macromolecular density and critical salt concentration predict coacervate coexistence.
  • Observed distinct chemical environments within coexisting coacervates, influencing guest molecule concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchically organized multiphase droplets are a generic phenomenon in complex coacervate mixtures.
  • Condensate immiscibility is likely a general feature in biological systems.
  • Findings provide a framework for understanding and designing self-organized synthetic compartments for biomolecular processes.