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Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Similarities and differences between women and men
Carl J Pepine1, C Noel Bairey Merz2, Stephanie El Hajj3
1University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
Abstract:
The syndrome of heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is now recognized to account for up to half of HF cases and is the dominant form of HF in older adults, especially women. Multiple factors conspire in this predilection of HFpEF for older women. This review will discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of HFpEF with emphasis on the similarities and differences in cardiovascular aging changes, and the differential impact of comorbidities in women versus men. Responses to pharmacologic and lifestyle interventions are also reviewed. We conclude by suggesting future directions for both prevention and treatment of this common and highly morbid cardiovascular disorder.
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