Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transformation01:26

Transformation

593
Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...
593
Transformations of Functions III01:20

Transformations of Functions III

111
Transformations modify the graphical representation of a function without changing its fundamental form. One common transformation is reflection, which flips the graph across a designated axis. When the vertical coordinates of all points are multiplied by the negative one, the entire graph is mirrored over the horizontal axis. This transformation reverses the vertical orientation of peaks and troughs, akin to signal inversion in electrical systems, where a waveform is flipped, but the timing of...
111
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

18.6K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
18.6K
Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

59.2K
In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
59.2K
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

5.0K
DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
5.0K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

10.5K
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
10.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Adhesion-driven rigidity transition decoupled from density-driven jamming triggers epithelial organization in embryonic tissues.

Nature physics·2026
Same author

Spatiotemporal Organization of Chemical Oscillators via Phase Separation.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Tissue rigidity phase transition shapes morphogen gradients.

Nature cell biology·2026
Same author

Inferring Entropy Production in Many-Body Systems Using Nonequilibrium Maximum Entropy.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Thermodynamic Geometric Constraint on the Spectrum of Markov Rate Matrices.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Neutral theory of cooperative dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same journal

RNA-ligand complexes and the attenuation of neutral confinement in the evolution of RNA secondary structures.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2026
Same journal

Individual detachment-reintegration events in homing pigeon flocks and the dominance of directional adjustment in their kinematic features.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2026
Same journal

Thermal stress disrupts symbiotic fluid dynamics in bobtail squid.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2026
Same journal

Distinct geometrical landscapes distinguish between modes of tristability in gene regulatory networks.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2026
Same journal

Slow modulation of the contraction patterns in Physarum polycephalum.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2026
Same journal

Moo-ving mountains: grazing agents drive terracette formation on steep hillslopes.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding
06:33

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

Published on: October 11, 2018

7.2K

Decomposing information into copying versus transformation.

Artemy Kolchinsky1, Bernat Corominas-Murtra2

  • 1Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|January 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new way to measure information transfer, separating it into copying and transformation. This method is crucial for understanding biological replication and other systems where message fidelity is key.

Keywords:
copy informationmutual informationreplicationthermodynamics of replication

More Related Videos

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

12.2K
Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads
12:49

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

Published on: March 15, 2013

22.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding
06:33

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

Published on: October 11, 2018

7.2K
Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

12.2K
Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads
12:49

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

Published on: March 15, 2013

22.3K

Area of Science:

  • Information theory
  • Biophysics
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Information transmission occurs via copying (unaltered) or transformation (modified).
  • Standard measures do not differentiate these transmission modes, despite different mechanisms and consequences.
  • Distinguishing copying from transformation is vital for understanding systems like genetic replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive a decomposition of mutual information into copying and transformation components.
  • To generalize this decomposition for various channel types and message sets.
  • To connect information copying to physical work in replication processes.

Main Methods:

  • Axiomatic derivation of information decomposition.
  • Generalization to channels with different source/destination sets.
  • Application to amino acid substitution rate models.

Main Results:

  • A novel decomposition of mutual information into "copy information" and "transformation information" is presented.
  • The framework is generalized beyond identical source/destination message sets.
  • Copy information is linked to the minimal physical work required for replication.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed decomposition offers a more nuanced understanding of information transfer than standard measures.
  • This framework is applicable to diverse systems prioritizing message fidelity over mere predictability.
  • The findings have implications for physics of replication and evolutionary processes.