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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

514
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
514
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

688
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
688
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

516
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
516
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

645
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
645
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

1.3K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

708
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Electrochemotherapy of Tumours
03:57

Electrochemotherapy of Tumours

Published on: December 15, 2008

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[Anaesthesia in Electrochemotherapy].

Christian Volberg, Martin Gschnell

    Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS
    |January 23, 2020
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Electrochemotherapy (ECT) enhances chemotherapy by using electrical pulses to deliver drugs like bleomycin or cisplatin directly to tumors, effectively reducing skin cancer and metastases with minimal systemic effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Dermatology
    • Anesthesiology

    Background:

    • Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a palliative treatment for cutaneous metastases and skin cancer.
    • It utilizes electroporation to increase the local efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, such as bleomycin and cisplatin.
    • ECT offers a low systemic impact by targeting localized tumor reduction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To detail the anesthetic considerations for electrochemotherapy (ECT).
    • To highlight the importance of specific anesthetic protocols for patient safety during ECT.
    • To inform anesthesia teams about necessary precautions and contraindications for ECT.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of anesthetic management strategies for electrochemotherapy.
    • Discussion of anesthetic techniques including local, regional, and general anesthesia.
    • Emphasis on TIVA (Total Intravenous Anesthesia) in deep relaxation for general anesthesia.

    Main Results:

    • Anesthetic management is tailored to the extent and location of metastases.
    • Specific precautions are required during general anesthesia to prevent complications.
    • Low FiO2 ventilation (or room air) is crucial when using bleomycin to prevent lung damage.

    Conclusions:

    • Anesthesia teams must be aware of the unique requirements for ECT.
    • Careful anesthetic planning, including TIVA and appropriate ventilation, is essential for safe and effective ECT.
    • Recognizing contraindications to anesthesia in ECT patients is critical for optimal patient outcomes.