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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Endplate Deformation Due to Open and Strutted Intervertebral Devices.

Antonio Valdevit1, Anna Kedzierska2, Michelle B Gallagher3

  • 1Health Sciences Practice Group, SEA Limited, Columbus, Ohio.

International Journal of Spine Surgery
|January 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Interbody cage design impacts vertebral endplate motion during spinal fusion. Open cage designs allow greater endplate deflection, potentially enhancing bone formation and fusion strength.

Keywords:
dynamic bone remodelingdynamic strainendplate deformationimplantosteogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Spinal fusion biomechanics
  • Orthopedic implant design
  • Vertebral endplate mechanics

Background:

  • Limited research exists on vertebral endplate response to loading after disc removal and interbody fusion.
  • Endplate deflection into the interbody space may promote fusion mass development through beneficial strain.
  • Investigating implant design's effect on endplate motion is crucial for optimizing spinal fusion outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify endplate deformation under peripheral loading using a custom transducer.
  • To determine if interbody implant design influences endplate motion.
  • To compare endplate deformation between open and strutted implant designs.

Main Methods:

  • 14 porcine vertebrae (L4, L5) were used, allocated to open or strutted implant groups.
  • A custom transducer measured endplate motion during cyclic loading (500 N at 1 Hz for 500 cycles).
  • Endplate deformation rates and magnitudes were compared between implant designs using unpaired t-tests.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral loading induced endplate deflection into the interbody space for both implant designs.
  • The open implant design exhibited a significantly higher rate and magnitude of endplate deformation compared to strutted implants.

Conclusions:

  • Interbody cage design critically affects vertebral endplate dynamic motion during cyclic loading.
  • Increased endplate deflection in open designs may enhance strain rate, duration, and magnitude on the fusion mass.
  • This dynamic strain pattern is associated with improved bone formation and remodeling, potentially leading to faster, stronger spinal fusion.