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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

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Overview
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Hemoglobin01:24

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Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Measurement of Tissue Non-Heme Iron Content using a Bathophenanthroline-Based Colorimetric Assay
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Iron-oxide minerals in the human tissues.

H Svobodova1,2, D Kosnáč3, H Tanila4

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Biometals : an International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine
|January 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes iron uptake and the role of ferritin, an iron-storing protein, in human health. It explores iron oxide formation within ferritin and its implications for brain function and diseases like Alzheimer's.

Keywords:
BiomineralizationFerritinHuman tissuesIron oxides

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Iron is an essential trace metal, but free iron ions are cytotoxic.
  • Ferritin, an iron-storing protein, regulates body iron homeostasis.
  • Ferritin's core can contain various iron minerals (e.g., magnetite, hematite) with distinct characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review iron uptake mechanisms in the human body.
  • To discuss the distribution and occurrence of ferritin in human tissues.
  • To examine iron oxide formation within ferritin and its role in brain function and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on iron metabolism and ferritin.
  • Analysis of research on iron oxide mineralogy within ferritin cores.
  • Synthesis of information on ferritin's role in neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer disease.

Main Results:

  • Ferritin's diverse mineral compositions influence cellular interactions.
  • Specific iron mineral formations are linked to disease pathogenesis.
  • Ferritin plays a critical role in iron regulation and its deposition in tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ferritin's structure and iron oxide composition is crucial for elucidating its role in health and disease.
  • Further research into ferritin's mechanisms is needed to understand its involvement in neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Ferritin's multifaceted functions highlight its importance in maintaining physiological balance and potentially contributing to pathology.