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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
645
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
516
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Neuroanesthesiology Update.

Jeffrey J Pasternak1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology
|January 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes perioperative care for neurosurgical patients and those with neurological diseases. It covers general neurosurgical considerations, stroke, neurological monitoring, and cognitive function disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Perioperative care is critical for neurosurgical patients.
  • Neurological diseases present unique management challenges.
  • Optimizing patient outcomes requires a comprehensive approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on perioperative care for neurosurgical patients.
  • To summarize key considerations for managing patients with neurological diseases.
  • To highlight advancements in neurological monitoring and cognitive function management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of relevant studies.
  • Synthesis of information on general neurosurgical care.
  • Analysis of perioperative stroke management.
  • Review of neurological monitoring techniques.
  • Examination of cognitive dysfunction in the perioperative setting.

Main Results:

  • Established neurosurgical considerations for optimal patient preparation and recovery.
  • Outlined strategies for managing acute stroke in the perioperative period.
  • Detailed various neurological monitoring modalities and their applications.
  • Identified common perioperative cognitive disorders and potential interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Effective perioperative care necessitates a multidisciplinary approach.
  • Continuous advancements in neurosurgical techniques and monitoring improve patient safety.
  • Addressing cognitive dysfunction is crucial for neurosurgical patient recovery.