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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

10.1K
Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
10.1K
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

624
The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
624
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:22

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2.1K
COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
2.1K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

3.5K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
3.5K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

3.4K
Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
3.4K
Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

1.1K
The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
1.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Establishment of a Mouse Model with Cough Hypersensitivity via Inhalation of Citric Acid
05:43

Establishment of a Mouse Model with Cough Hypersensitivity via Inhalation of Citric Acid

Published on: January 10, 2025

1.1K

Chronic Hiccups.

Zachary Wilmer Reichenbach1,2, Gregory M Piech1, Zubair Malik3

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Hospital, 3401 N. Broad St., 8th floor Parkinson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.

Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology
|January 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Persistent hiccups, often linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), require prompt evaluation. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a first-line treatment, with newer therapies showing promise for refractory cases.

Keywords:
HiccoughHiccupsSingultus

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Hiccups affect nearly 4000 patients annually in the US.
  • The hiccup reflex involves a complex pathway from peripheral receptors to the brainstem.
  • Persistent hiccups can signify underlying pathologies, with GERD being a common cause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of hiccups.
  • To explore diverse etiologies and diagnostic workups for hiccups.
  • To examine emerging pharmacological and interventional treatments for hiccups.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on hiccup causes and treatments.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic guidelines.
  • Evaluation of novel treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are recommended as first-line therapy.
  • Gastrointestinal consultation is advised for suspected GERD-related hiccups.
  • Central causes should be investigated if symptoms persist despite initial treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding hiccup pathophysiology is crucial for effective management.
  • While PPIs remain a primary treatment, new therapeutic options are emerging.
  • A systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment is essential for persistent hiccups.