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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...

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Do-It-Yourself Artificial Pancreas System and the OpenAPS Movement.

¹OpenAPS, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.

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|January 26, 2020

Summary

Thousands of people with diabetes use do-it-yourself (DIY) closed loop systems for automated insulin delivery. These systems show promising initial outcomes for improving quality of life and long-term diabetes management.

Keywords:

APS Artificial pancreas system DIY Do-it-yourself Hybrid closed loop system Open source diabetes technology OpenAPS

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Last Updated: Dec 30, 2025

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology and Diabetes Technology
Biomedical Engineering
Patient-Centered Innovations

Background:

For decades, individuals with diabetes have actively modified devices to enhance quality of life and long-term health outcomes.
The development of do-it-yourself (DIY) closed loop systems represents a significant area of patient-driven innovation in diabetes management.

Observation:

Thousands globally utilize DIY closed loop systems, which automate insulin dosing akin to commercial artificial pancreas technologies.
These DIY systems offer distinct advantages in transparency, accessibility, customization, and user-friendliness compared to commercial alternatives.

Findings:

The DIY artificial pancreas system community reports positive initial outcomes from these self-developed technologies.
Ongoing research and upcoming randomized controlled trials are set to rigorously evaluate various components of DIY artificial pancreas systems (DIYAPS).

Implications:

DIY closed loop systems empower individuals with diabetes, offering personalized and adaptable solutions for glycemic control.
The success and ongoing evaluation of DIYAPS highlight the potential for patient innovation to drive advancements in diabetes care.
Future research will further elucidate the efficacy and safety of DIY artificial pancreas technology, potentially influencing commercial development and clinical guidelines.