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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP in Mouse T-cell Lines
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Chromatin-Modifying Enzymes in T Cell Development.

Michael J Shapiro1, Virginia Smith Shapiro1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA; email: shapiro.michael@mayo.edu, shapiro.virginia1@mayo.edu.

Annual Review of Immunology
|January 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin-modifying enzymes are crucial for T cell development, regulating gene expression through dynamic changes. Their functions are often uncovered by studying related enzyme deletions and their impact on specific gene targets.

Keywords:
T cell developmentacetylationchromatinhistonemethylationubiquitination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • T cell development progresses through stages with stage-specific gene expression.
  • Chromatin accessibility and modifications are key to regulating gene expression during T cell development.
  • Chromatin-modifying enzymes play a critical role in dynamic gene expression regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of chromatin-modifying enzymes in T cell development.
  • To understand how these enzymes regulate gene expression.
  • To explore the complexity of enzyme function, including redundancy and target specificity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell development stages.
  • Studying chromatin accessibility and modifications.
  • Investigating the effects of concurrent deletion of related chromatin-modifying enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin-modifying enzymes are essential for dynamic gene expression during T cell development.
  • The biological effects of these enzymes often involve a limited set of target genes.
  • Redundancy and diverse catalytic activities of chromatin-modifying enzymes were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin-modifying enzymes are critical regulators of T cell development.
  • Understanding these enzymes' functions requires considering enzyme families and their specific targets.
  • The complexity of epigenetic modifications adds layers to gene regulation in T cell development.