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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

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Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
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Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

6.0K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
6.0K
Zener Diodes01:16

Zener Diodes

1.0K
Zener diodes are specialized semiconductor devices designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region, where they allow current to flow into the cathode, making it positive relative to the anode. This reverse operation distinguishes Zener diodes from conventional diodes and enables their use in various applications, most notably as voltage regulators. One of the defining characteristics of Zener diodes is their nearly vertical I-V (current-voltage) characteristic curve above a certain...
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Difference Equation Solution using z-Transform01:24

Difference Equation Solution using z-Transform

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The z-transform is a powerful tool for analyzing practical discrete-time systems, often represented by linear difference equations. Solving a higher-order difference equation requires knowledge of the input signal and the initial conditions up to one term less than the order of the equation.
The z-transform facilitates handling delayed signals by shifting the signal in the z-domain, which corresponds to delaying the signal in the time domain, and advancing signals by similarly shifting in the...
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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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In Reply to Azer

Katherine C Chretien1, Aparna Krishnan, Molly Rabinowitz

  • 1Student engagement co-lead, Aquifer, Lebanon, New Hampshire; associate dean for student affairs and professor of medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC; kchretie@gwu.edu. First-year family medicine resident, Swedish Medical Center-First Hill, Seattle, Washington. Second-year pediatric resident, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Production assistant, Aquifer, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Academic director for engagement, Aquifer, Lebanon, New Hampshire; senior associate dean for educational affairs and accreditation and professor of medical education, Texas Christian University and University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas.

Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
|January 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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