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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
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HIV vaccine delayed boosting increases Env variable region 2-specific antibody effector functions.

David Easterhoff1,2, Justin Pollara2, Kan Luo1

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Boosting HIV vaccine responses late can improve efficacy by diversifying antibody responses. This study shows late boosting enhances antibody affinity maturation and effector functions, crucial for combating HIV-1.

Keywords:
AIDS vaccineAIDS/HIV

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • The RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial indicated efficacy correlated with V2-specific IgG and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
  • Understanding the long-term impact of vaccination and boosting on antibody responses is crucial for developing effective HIV vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the function, maturation, and persistence of vaccine-induced V2-specific and other antibody responses after boosting in RV144 vaccinees.
  • To investigate if late boosting can enhance antibody-mediated effector functions for improved HIV-1 vaccine efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of persistent memory B cell clonal lineages induced by the RV144 vaccine regimen over an 11-year period.
  • Characterization of V2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from boosted vaccinees, assessing their epitope specificities and in vitro effector functions.

Main Results:

  • The RV144 vaccine regimen induced persistent V2-specific and other HIV-1 envelope-specific memory B cell clonal lineages.
  • Subsequent boosting increased somatic hypermutation, essential for antibody affinity maturation.
  • Characterized V2-specific mAbs demonstrated distinct epitope specificities and enhanced in vitro antibody-mediated effector functions.

Conclusions:

  • Late boosting of HIV vaccines can diversify the V2-specific response.
  • Enhancing the breadth of antibody-mediated effector functions through late boosting may improve HIV-1 vaccine efficacy, particularly for non-neutralizing antibodies.