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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Rapid evolution in plant-microbe interactions - an evolutionary genomics perspective.

Sophie de Vries1, Eva H Stukenbrock2,3, Laura E Rose1

  • 1Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.

The New Phytologist
|January 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New sequencing technologies reveal evolutionary patterns in plant pathogens. Genomic studies show selection targets, host jumps, and hybridization drive pathogen novelty and diversity.

Keywords:
co-evolutionconvergent evolutioncrop protectiongenetic variationnatural selectionphytopathogens

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Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Evolutionary genomics
  • Genomic resolution

Background:

  • Advancements in sequencing technologies are providing unprecedented genomic resolution.
  • These new methods are transforming the study of plant pathology and pathogen evolution.
  • Understanding pathogen origins, diversity, and adaptation is crucial for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore overarching patterns and observations emerging from evolutionary genomic studies in plant pathology.
  • To identify how natural selection structures genetic variation across pathogen genomes.
  • To investigate the roles of host jumps, hybridization, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in pathogen evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Application of high-resolution genomic sequencing technologies.
  • Analysis of evolutionary genomic data to infer pathogen origins and geographic diversity.
  • Genome-wide scans to pinpoint targets of natural selection.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific targets of natural selection across pathogen genomes.
  • Evidence of crypsis and convergent evolution at multiple evolutionary levels.
  • Increased understanding of the prevalence of host jumps and shifts.
  • Recognition of hybridization and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) as significant drivers of genetic novelty.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution genomics provides new insights into plant pathogen evolution.
  • Natural selection, host shifts, hybridization, and HGT are key factors shaping pathogen genomes.
  • These evolutionary processes contribute significantly to the emergence of novel pathogen lineages.