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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Preservation of Interference Effects in Working Memory After Orbitofrontal Damage.

Anaïs Llorens1,2,3,4, Ingrid Funderud2,4, Alejandro O Blenkmann2,4

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|January 31, 2020
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Summary

Bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) damage did not impair working memory (WM) performance, despite altered electrophysiological responses. Neural reorganization may explain preserved cognitive functions after OFC injury.

Keywords:
event-related potentialsorbitofrontal cortexrecencyrecent probes taskworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for cognitive processes like executive control and memory.
  • The necessity of the OFC for core working memory (WM) operations remains unclear.
  • Understanding OFC's role in WM is vital for cognitive neuroscience and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of OFC damage on interference effects within working memory.
  • To compare behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) responses in healthy individuals and OFC-damaged patients.
  • To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying working memory function after OFC injury.

Main Methods:

  • A Recent Probes task, adapted from the Sternberg item-recognition task, was employed.
  • Participants (14 healthy, 14 OFC-damaged) memorized letter sets and identified probe letters.
  • Behavioral (reaction time) and electroencephalography (event-related potentials) data were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Both groups exhibited behavioral proactive interference (PI) but showed no differences in encoding or maintenance.
  • Electrophysiological responses to probes differed significantly between groups and conditions.
  • OFC patients displayed altered ERPs, with response effects but no recency effects, despite intact behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Despite distinct neural processing, OFC damage did not impair working memory maintenance, context evaluation, or decision-making.
  • The findings suggest preserved cognitive functions in OFC patients, possibly due to neural reorganization.
  • This study highlights the brain's adaptability in maintaining working memory operations following orbitofrontal cortex injury.