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Surface Perturbation Training to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: A Highly Pragmatic, Randomized Controlled Trial
Jon D Lurie1, Alexandra B Zagaria2, Lisa Ellis3
1Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03781 (USA), and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
Background:
Falls are the leading cause of injuries among older adults, and trips and slips are major contributors to falls.
Objective:
The authors sought to compare the effectiveness of adding a component of surface perturbation training to usual gait/balance training for reducing falls and fall-related injury in high-risk older adults referred to physical therapy.
Design:
This was a multi-center, pragmatic, randomized, comparative effectiveness trial.
Setting:
Treatment took place within 8 outpatient physical therapy clinics.
Patients:
This study included 506 patients 65+ years of age at high fall risk referred for gait/balance training.
Intervention:
This trial evaluated surface perturbation treadmill training integrated into usual multimodal exercise-based balance training at the therapist's discretion versus usual multimodal exercise-based balance training alone.
Measurements:
Falls and injurious falls were assessed with a prospective daily fall diary, which was reviewed via telephone interview every 3 months for 1 year.A total of 211/253 (83%) patients randomized to perturbation training and 210/253 (83%) randomized to usual treatment provided data at 3-month follow-up. At 3 months, the perturbation training group had a significantly reduced chance of fall-related injury (5.7% versus 13.3%; relative risk 0.43) but no significant reduction in the risk of any fall (28% versus 37%, relative risk 0.78) compared with usual treatment. Time to first injurious fall showed reduced hazard in the first 3 months but no significant reduction when viewed over the entire first year.
Limitations:
The limitations of this trial included lack of blinding and variable application of interventions across patients based on pragmatic study design.
Conclusion:
The addition of some surface perturbation training to usual physical therapy significantly reduced injurious falls up to 3 months posttreatment. Further study is warranted to determine the optimal frequency, dose, progression, and duration of surface perturbation aimed at training postural responses for this population.
