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Single-molecule biosensors: Recent advances and applications.

Namik Akkilic1, Stefan Geschwindner1, Fredrik Höök2

  • 1Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|January 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Single-molecule biosensors offer real-time, accurate detection of individual biological molecules. This review highlights advances in nanosensors for disease diagnosis and personalized medicine.

Keywords:
BiomarkerBiosensorCRISPRDigital assayElectrochemical biosensorLabel-freeNanoparticleOptical biosensorSingle-molecule

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Single-molecule biosensors detect individual molecules, overcoming limitations of ensemble averaging.
  • This technology is vital for early disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and personalized medicine.
  • Nanosensors offer high specificity and accuracy for detecting molecules in complex biological environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in nanosensors for single-molecule detection.
  • To discuss both label-free and fluorescent-based single-molecule biosensor platforms.
  • To explore emerging nanosensor technologies and future perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Review of label-free biosensors: electrochemical, plasmonic, SERS-based, and spectroelectrochemical.
  • Review of fluorescent single-molecule biosensors: nanoparticle-amplified assays, digital platforms, and CRISPR technology.
  • Discussion of nanosensor applications for detecting important biological species.

Main Results:

  • Label-free platforms provide sensitive detection without molecular modification.
  • Fluorescent nanosensors leverage amplification and advanced platforms for enhanced detection.
  • CRISPR technology integration offers novel approaches for specific molecular targeting.

Conclusions:

  • Nanosensors are advancing rapidly for single-molecule detection in vitro and in vivo.
  • These technologies hold significant promise for point-of-care diagnostics and personalized medicine.
  • Continued research in nanosensor technology will expand capabilities for biological species detection.