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Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Viral Transgene Expression in Rodent Hearts and the Assessment of Cardiac Arrhythmia Risk
Published on: July 27, 2022
Viral Myocarditis
Oksana Narovlyanskaya1, Elizabeth J Winokur
1Oksana Narovlyanskaya, MSN, RN, was a staff nurse, telemetry unit at Cedar Sinai Hospital, Los Angeles. She has a Masters Degree in Nursing from California State University Los Angeles with a specialization in Nursing Education. Elizabeth J. Winokur, PhD, RN, CEN, is an associate director and associate professor of nursing at California State University Los Angeles; and nurse researcher for St Joseph Hospital in Orange California. She has more than 35 years of experience in Emergency Nursing.
Abstract:
In recent years, more young patients are being admitted to hospitals with the diagnosis of heart failure secondary to myocarditis; many of these patients will progress to needing a heart transplant. Research shows that heart failure is increasing in prevalence and incidence and is expected to have 46% increases in prevalence by 2030, with hypertension, diabetes, and obesity pointed as risk factors (Cardiac Fail Rev. 2017;3(1):7-11). Nurses need to be aware of and educated on the infectious processes responsible for heart failure, presumable pathogens, new and emerging diagnostic tests, and possible treatments. This article explores the viral pathogens commonly found to cause myocardial inflammation, their sequelae, and treatment.
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