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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Iterative Development of an Innovative Smartphone-Based Dietary Assessment Tool: Traqq
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Engaging Users in the Behavior Change Process With Digitalized Motivational Interviewing and Gamification:

Johanna Nurmi1,2, Keegan Knittle1, Todor Ginchev3

  • 1Discipline of Social Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth
|February 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The Precious app, using digital motivational interviewing, successfully engaged adults in reflecting on behavior change, fostering self-regulation and psychological needs for physical activity. This app supports autonomy and elicits positive change talk, showing promise for health behavior interventions.

Keywords:
autonomous motivationengagementgamificationhealth apphuman-computer interactionintrinsic motivationmHealthphysical activitypreventionreflective processesself-determination theoryservice designspontaneous processesusability design

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Health Psychology
  • Digital Health Interventions

Background:

  • Most adults do not meet physical activity recommendations for good health.
  • Current physical activity smartphone apps often lack robust behavior change support, focusing primarily on tracking.
  • Motivational interviewing (MI) principles, rooted in self-determination theory, can foster self-reflection and self-regulation, but its digital application in apps is under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the theory- and evidence-based development of the Precious smartphone application.
  • To evaluate how digitalized MI within the Precious app engages users in the behavior change process.
  • To assess if the Precious app elicits 'change talk' and how users perceive its autonomy support.

Main Methods:

  • The Precious app was developed using principles from self-determination theory and control theory, incorporating 7 relational and 12 behavior change techniques.
  • A feasibility study involved 12 adults interacting with the app prototype, engaging in think-aloud protocols and semistructured interviews.
  • User interactions were video-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis to identify themes related to autonomy support and change talk.

Main Results:

  • Participants positively valued the app's autonomy-supportive features, such as goal choice and tailored feedback.
  • Key themes identified included valuing choice, concerns about autonomy, expectations of controlling features, autonomous goals, and supportive feedback.
  • The MI features effectively prompted participants to reflect on goals and reasons for activity, generating significant 'change talk' (desire, need, reasons, ability, commitment, action).

Conclusions:

  • The Precious app uniquely engages users by addressing both reflective and spontaneous behavior change processes through digital MI and gamification.
  • The app's MI component shows potential for supporting psychological needs and intrinsic motivation, though long-term impact requires further study.
  • The Precious app is currently undergoing further evaluation through a series of n-of-1 randomized controlled trials.