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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Hyperglycemia in Extremely Preterm Infants.

Sara Ramel1, Raghavendra Rao1,2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

Neoreviews
|February 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperglycemia in extremely preterm infants is common and linked to poor outcomes. Managing blood sugar involves balancing risks of high glucose versus hypoglycemia, necessitating further research for optimal infant care.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatalogy
  • Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

  • Hyperglycemia is frequent in extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks gestation).
  • Risk factors include lower gestational age, birthweight, severe illness, and high parenteral glucose. Protective factors include higher amino acid/lipid intake and early enteral feeding.
  • Neonatal hyperglycemia is linked to increased mortality, morbidity, and potential long-term adverse effects on growth, neurodevelopment, and metabolic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of hyperglycemia in extremely preterm infants.
  • To discuss the risks and benefits of current treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the need for further research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on neonatal hyperglycemia.
  • Analysis of risk factors and outcomes.
  • Evaluation of treatment options (glucose reduction vs. insulin therapy).

Main Results:

  • Hyperglycemia is associated with significant short-term and potential long-term negative health consequences.
  • Reducing glucose infusion may cause calorie deficits, impacting growth and neurodevelopment.
  • Insulin therapy carries a risk of hypoglycemia and requires intensive monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Current treatment options for neonatal hyperglycemia present distinct challenges and risks.
  • Further randomized trials are essential to determine optimal nutrient provision and insulin therapy strategies.
  • Improved clinical management is crucial for the long-term health of extremely preterm infants.