m⁶A mRNA methylation: A pleiotropic regulator of cancer

Area of Science:

• Molecular Biology
• Epigenetics
• Cancer Research

Background:

• RNA modifications, also known as epitranscriptomic alterations, are increasingly recognized for their biological significance.
• Over 171 RNA modifications have been identified, with mRNA undergoing changes like m5M, hm5C, m1A, m6A, and pseudouridine.
• The m6A modification, occurring at the RRm6AACH motif, is particularly common and frequently altered in cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the dynamic roles of enzymes involved in RNA modifications, including methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A-binding proteins (readers).
• To highlight the importance of maintaining homeostasis of these epitranscriptomic regulators for normal physiological functions.
• To focus on the implications of altered epitranscriptomic profiles in cancer development and progression.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of current research on RNA modifications and their associated enzymes.
• Discussion of the functional significance of various epitranscriptomic alterations.
• Analysis of the role of enzyme balance in physiological processes and disease, with an emphasis on cancer.

Main Results:

• Epitranscriptomic alterations play vital roles in metabolism, circadian rhythm, immune response, viral replication, embryogenesis, and cancer.
• Dysregulation of RNA modification enzymes is implicated in the development and progression of multiple cancers.
• The balance between 'writers,' 'erasers,' and 'readers' is critical for cellular homeostasis.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the intricate balance of RNA modifying enzymes is essential for comprehending normal biological functions.
• Altered epitranscriptomic landscapes are hallmarks of cancer, presenting potential therapeutic targets.
• Further research into these modifications may revolutionize cancer management and treatment strategies.