A performance comparison of tonal detectors for low-frequency vocalizations of Antarctic blue whales

Extraction of tonal signals embedded in background noise is a crucial step before classification and separation of low-frequency sounds of baleen whales. This work reports results of comparing five tonal detectors, namely the instantaneous frequency estimator, YIN estimator, harmonic product spectrum, cost-function-based detector, and ridge detector. Comparisons, based on a low-frequency adaptation of the Silbido scoring feature, employ five metrics, which quantify the effectiveness of these detectors to retrieve tonal signals that have a wide range of signal to noise ratios (SNRs) and the quality of the detection results. Ground-truth data were generated by embedding 20 synthetic Antarctic blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) calls in randomly extracted 30-min noise segments from a 79 h-library recorded by an Ocean Bottom Seismometer in the Indian Ocean during 2012-2013. Monte-Carlo simulations were performed using 20 trials per SNR, ranging from 0 dB to 15 dB. Overall, the tonal detection results show the superiority of the cost-function-based and the ridge detectors, over the other detectors, for all SNR values. More particularly, for lower SNRs (⩽3 dB), these two methods outperformed the other three with high recall, low fragmentation, and high coverage scores. For SNRs ⩾7 dB, the five methods performed similarly.