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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

643
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
643
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

515
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
515
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.2K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
1.3K
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

887
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery
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Anesthesia for Obstetric Disasters.

Kristen L Fardelmann1, Aymen Awad Alian1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208051, New Haven, CT 06520-8051, USA.

Anesthesiology Clinics
|February 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal mortality is rising due to obstetric and anesthesia emergencies. Prompt obstetric anesthesiologist intervention and knowledge of best practices are crucial for improving maternal and fetal outcomes.

Keywords:
Amniotic fluid embolismHELLP syndromeHigh neuraxial blockadeLocal anesthetic systemic toxicityMaternal cardiac arrestMaternal mortalityPostpartum hemorrhage

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Anesthesiology
  • Maternal Health Research

Background:

  • Maternal mortality has increased in the US over the past 30 years, reaching 18 deaths per 100,000 live births.
  • Obstetric emergencies and anesthesia complications are significant contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of obstetric anesthesiologists in managing emergent scenarios.
  • To emphasize the importance of best practices in improving maternal and fetal outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of contributing factors to maternal cardiac arrest and mortality.
  • Identification of key obstetric emergencies and anesthesia complications.

Main Results:

  • Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, HELLP syndrome, and amniotic fluid embolism are major obstetric emergencies.
  • High neuraxial blockade, local anesthetic systemic toxicity, and difficult airway are critical anesthesia complications.

Conclusions:

  • Expeditious intervention by obstetric anesthesiologists is vital in emergent situations.
  • Enhanced knowledge of best practices is essential for reducing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.