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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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Shield synthesis.

Bettina Könighofer1, Mohammed Alshiekh2, Roderick Bloem1

  • 11IAIK, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.

Formal Methods in System Design
|February 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shield synthesis enforces safety properties at runtime by monitoring and correcting system outputs. This study explores methods for synthesizing shields for reactive systems and human operators, ensuring safety and preserving liveness properties.

Keywords:
GamesHuman factorsRuntime reinforcementSynthesisUAV

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Control Theory
  • Formal Methods

Background:

  • Runtime enforcement of safety properties is crucial for system reliability.
  • Existing methods for shield synthesis primarily focus on reactive systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate shield synthesis methods for reactive hardware systems.
  • To extend shield synthesis to human-operator interactions with autonomous systems.

Main Methods:

  • Defined a general framework for shield synthesis.
  • Developed two concrete synthesis methods: k-stabilizing and admissible shields.
  • Investigated extensions preserving liveness properties and applied shielding to human operators.

Main Results:

  • Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of both k-stabilizing and admissible shield synthesis methods.
  • Showcased the applicability of shielding to human-operator scenarios, focusing on clear explanations for interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Shield synthesis provides a robust approach for enforcing safety properties in both hardware systems and human-operator interactions.
  • The developed methods offer guarantees for recovery and efficient intervention, with potential applications in areas like UAV mission planning.