Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

lncRNA LINC-PINT controls lymphatic function and inflammatory profile in lymphedema.

Science advances·2025

Same author

3D imaging and single-cell analysis reveal cellular heterogeneity of lymphatic valve endothelial cell types.

iScience·2025

Same author

Comparative impact of proton versus photon irradiation on triple-negative breast cancer: Role of VEGFC in tumour aggressiveness.

Clinical and translational medicine·2025

Same author

Modern Open Surgery for Coral Reef Aorta with Visceral Artery Involvement.

European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery·2024

Same author

New Strategy for Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Treatment by Endermology: ELOCS Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial.

Clinical breast cancer·2024

Same author

Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein MRPS15 Is a Component of Cytosolic Ribosomes and Regulates Translation in Stressed Cardiomyocytes.

International journal of molecular sciences·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

[Do circular RNAs play tricks on us?]

Éric Lacazette¹, Leila Halidou Diallo¹, Florence Tatin¹

¹UMR 1048-I2MC (Institut des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires), Inserm, Université de Toulouse, UT3, Toulouse, France.

Medecine Sciences : M/S

|February 5, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered RNA family, initially thought to be byproducts. They are now known to play regulatory roles and have significant biotechnological potential for stable protein synthesis.

More Related Videos

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: October 21, 2022

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: October 21, 2022

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were initially dismissed as splicing byproducts.
Recent findings indicate that 14% of human genes produce over 100,000 distinct circRNAs.
circRNAs are generated from coding genes via a process called backsplicing.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the biogenesis and functions of circRNAs.
To explore the biotechnological applications of circRNAs.
To discuss the involvement of circRNAs in pathological processes.

Main Methods:

Literature review of circRNA research.
Analysis of circRNA biogenesis through backsplicing.
Examination of nuclear and cytoplasmic circRNA functions.

Main Results:

Nuclear circRNAs regulate transcription and splicing.
Cytoplasmic circRNAs sequester miRNAs/proteins or undergo translation.
circRNAs offer stable protein synthesis with reduced immunogenicity compared to linear RNAs.

Conclusions:

circRNAs represent a significant class of RNA molecules with diverse regulatory roles.
Their stability and low immunogenicity make them promising for biotechnological applications, including protein synthesis.
Further research into circRNAs' roles in disease is warranted.